% Thomas Kuster
% 24. November 2005
% Seminar Atmosphäre

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\title{Reconstruct Past Climate}
\subtitle{Data Source, Proxies}
\author[Thomas Kuster]{%
  Thomas Kuster%\inst{1}
  }
\institute[ETH Zürich]{
 %\inst{1}%
 Department of Enviromental Science\\
 ETH Zürich}
\date[ETH 2006]{Large-scale climate variability, 13.11.2006}

\subject{Large-scale climate variability}
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%   1. Semester, MSc Enviromentale Science and Atmosphere and Climate Science, ETH Zürich\\
%   \hyperref{http://fam-kuster.ch/index.php?navigation=ETH&main=http://n.ethz.ch/student/kusterth/eth/html/}{}{}{http://fam-kuster.ch}

\begin{document}

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  \titlepage
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\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Outline}
  \tableofcontents
  % You might wish to add the option [pausesections]
\end{frame}

% Since this a solution template for a generic talk, very little can
% be said about how it should be structured. However, the talk length
% of between 15min and 45min and the theme suggest that you stick to
% the following rules:

% - Exactly two or three sections (other than the summary).
% - At *most* three subsections per section.
% - Talk about 30s to 2min per frame. So there should be between about
%   15 and 30 frames, all told.

\section{Reconstruct Past Climate}
%\subsection{}
\frame
{
  \frametitle{Parameter and Resolution}
  \begin{block}{Parameter}%<1->
   \begin{itemize}
    \item temperature
    \item precipitation
    \item wind
    \item \dots
   \end{itemize}
  \end{block}
  
  \begin{block}{Resolution}%<2->
   \begin{itemize}
    \item daily
    \item monthly
    \item seasonal
    \item annual
   \end{itemize}
  \end{block}
}

\section{Data Source}
\frame<*>[label=datasource]
{
  \frametitle{Data Source}
  \begin{itemize}
   \item instrumental records (since 18 cent.)
   \item documentary data
    \begin{itemize}
     \item descriptive
     \item proxy
    \end{itemize}
   \item speleothems % S. 67
   \item tree rings
   \item corals % S. 69
   \item boreholes % S. 71
   \item vermetids % S. 73
   \item ice cores % 
   \item sediments (lake, ocean,\dots)
  \end{itemize}
}

\subsection{Documentary Data}

\frame
{
 \frametitle{Descriptive Documentary Data}
 \begin{block}{Weather Observations}
 %First of all: weather observations
 \begin{itemize}
  \item reports from chronicles
  \item daily weather reports
  \item travel diaries
  \item ship logbooks
 \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
}

\frame<*>[label=foil:shiplogbook]
{
 \frametitle{Example of a Ship Logbook}
 \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{./images/shiplogbook}
 
 \hyperlink{foil:transcript}{\beamergotobutton{Transcript}}
}

\frame
{
\frametitle{Parameter and Resolution}
\begin{block}{Resolution}
\begin{itemize}
\item daily or more
\end{itemize}
\end{block}

\begin{block}{Parameter}
\begin{itemize}
\item Wind: force and direction
\item General accounts of the weather
\item After 1850 most ships provided instrumental data
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
}

\frame<presentation:1| handout>[label=foil:documentaryproxydata]
{
 \frametitle{Documentary Proxy Data}
 More indirect evidence that reflects weather events or climate conditions
 \begin{itemize}
  \item<1-> agricultural activites e.\,g. grape-harvest (Swiss German: Wümmet)
  \item<2-> time of freezing and opening up of waterways
  \item<3-> religious ceremonies
  \item<3-> tax e.\,g. tithe (German: der Zehnte) \note[item]<3>{The higher the harvests the higher the tax revenue.}
  \item<3-> \dots
 \end{itemize}
 \uncover<3->{Good dating control and high temporal resolution}
 \note[item]<3>{Extrem events like floods and other disasters are widthly recorded.}
}

\frame
{
 \frametitle{Documentary Proxy Data}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{./images/wuemmet}
}

\againframe<presentation:2 | handout:0>{foil:documentaryproxydata}

\frame
{
 \frametitle{Documentary Proxy Data}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{./images/freezing}
}

\againframe<presentation:3 | handout:0>{foil:documentaryproxydata}

\subsection{Speleothem}

\frame
{
\frametitle{Speleothem}
\begin{block}{Secondary Cave Deposits such as}
%Speleothems are secondary cave deposits, such as:
\begin{itemize}
 \item stalactites
 \item stalagmites
\end{itemize}
\end{block}

\begin{block}{Speleothem}
From the Greek for "cave deposit".

German: Speläotheme (sekundäre Mineralablagerungen in Höhlen)
\end{block}
}

\frame
{
\frametitle{Stalactites and Stalagmites}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{./images/cave}
}

\frame
{
\frametitle{Memory hook} %% mnemonic
\begin{block}{English}
Stala{\bf g}mites grow from the {\bf g}round, stala{\bf c}tites grow from the {\bf c}eiling
\end{block}

\begin{block}{German}
Stalagmiten haben schon viel \glqq{}mitgemacht\grqq{} sind daher \glqq{}müde\grqq{} und deswegen am Boden, während Stalak{\bf t}iten {\bf t}ropfen und an der Decke hängen.

\textcolor{red}{Children:} Die Stalak{\bf t}iten kommen von der \glqq{}{\bf T}\grqq{}ecke, und die Stalag{\bf mit}en wachsen {\bf mit} dir mit.

\textcolor{red}{Adult:} Die Mi(e)ten steigen und die (Stalak)tit(t)en hängen.
\end{block}

\begin{block}{French}
La Stalag{\bf m}ite {\bf m}onte, la stalag{\bf t}ite {\bf t}ombe
\end{block}
}

\frame
{
\frametitle{Development of Speleothems}
\begin{block}{Reaction}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{rcl}
CaCO$_3$ + H$_2$O + CO$_2$ & $\Longrightarrow$ & Ca$_2^+$ + 2 HCO$_3^-$\\
Ca$_2^+$ + 2 HCO$_3^-$ & $\Longrightarrow$ & CaCO$_3$ + H$_2$O + CO$_2$
\end{tabular}

% Ca$_2^+$ + 2 HCO$_3^-$ $\Longleftrightarrow$ CaCO$_3$ + H$_2$O + CO$_2$
% \\\vspace{1ex}
% or
% \\\vspace{1ex}
% Ca$_2^+$ + 2 HCO$_3^-$ $\Longleftrightarrow$  CaCO$_3$ + H$_2$CO$_3$
\end{block}
}

\frame<*>[label=foil:examplestalagmite]
{
\frametitle{Parameter}
\framesubtitle{Example: Stalagmite Q5 from a Oman Cave (Fleitmann et.\,al., 2003)}
\begin{block}{Age}
 \begin{itemize}
  \item Thorium-Uran (Th-U)
  \item 18 measurements
 \end{itemize}
\end{block}
\begin{block}{Precipitation}
 \begin{itemize}
  \item $\delta ^{18}$O
  \item more negativ $\delta ^{18}$O $\rightarrow$ more precipitation
 \end{itemize}
\end{block}
\hyperlink{foil:oman}{\beamergotobutton{Location of Oman}}
}

\frame
{
\frametitle{Resolution}
\begin{block}{Percipitation}
 \begin{itemize}
  \item 1405 $\delta ^{18}$O measurements every $\approx$0.7\,mm
  \item 10.3 to 2.7\,ky\,B.\,P.\footnote{"present" is defined as 1950\,A.\,D. on the $^{14}$C absolute age scale} and 1.4 to 0.4\,ky\,B.\,P. Total 8.6\,ky
  \item Resolution $\approx$ 6 year
 \end{itemize}
\end{block}
}

\frame
{
\frametitle{Comparison of $\delta ^{18}$O Record}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.85\linewidth}
 \includegraphics[page=2,clip,viewport=222 394 450 564,width=\linewidth]{./password/fleitmann2003}
\column{0.15\linewidth}
%\vspace*{\fill}
%\vfill
\begin{block}{Q5}
Stalagmit
\end{block}
\begin{block}{GRIP}
Ice core
\end{block}
\end{columns}
}

% \frame
% {
% \frametitle{Parameter and Resolution}
% Parameter
% \begin{itemize}
%  \item Percipitation or temperature (debending in the environmental setting in and above the cave)
% \end{itemize}
% Resolution
% \begin{itemize}
%  \item annual (bands are present)
% \end{itemize}
% }
% 
% \frame
% {
% \frametitle{Corals}
% Parameter
% Resolution
% }
% 
% \frame
% {
% \frametitle{Coral Beach Eilat, Israel}
% Pictures
% }
% 
% \frame
% {
% \frametitle{Boreholes}
% Parameter
% Resolution
% }
% 
% \frame
% {
% \frametitle{Vermetids}
% Parameter
% Resolution
% }
% 
% \frame
% {
% \frametitle{Ice core}
% Parameter
% Resolution
% }

\section{Discussion}
\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Discussion}
 \begin{itemize}
  \item What proxy do you like best
  \item Why
  \item Different proxies and their pros and cons
  \item Parameters in ship logbooks
  \item $\delta^{18}$O
 \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

% All of the following is optional and typically not needed.
\appendix
\section{\appendixname}
\subsection{List of figures}
\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]
  \frametitle<presentation>{List of figures}

  \begin{thebibliography}{10}
  \beamertemplatearticlebibitems
  % Followed by interesting articles. Keep the list short.
  \bibitem{wuemmet}
   Wümmet
   \newblock \url{http://images.gadmin.ch/5145/8331/picbase/1168.jpg}

  \bibitem{freezing}
   Freezing of the Venice Lagoon
   \newblock \url{http://clima.ictr.pd.cnr.it/immagini/freezing.jpg}

  \bibitem{shiplogbook}
   Ship logbook
   \newblock \url{http://www.bl.uk/learning/images/texts/ship/Oct-28th-81--lg.jpg}
  
  \bibitem{cave}
    Cave with Stalactites and Stalagmites
    \newblock \url{http://www.ici.ro/romania/images/turism/mc_dambo3.jpg}
  
  \bibitem{oman}
   Location of Oman
   \newblock Google Earth
    
  \bibitem{flooding}
   Frequency of flooding tides at Venice
   \newblock \url{http://clima.ictr.pd.cnr.it/immagini/acqualta.jpg}
   
  \bibitem{treering}
   Drill to take samples for dendrochronology from trees
   \newblock \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dendrochronological_drill_hg.jpg}
     
  \end{thebibliography}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Bibliography}
\begin{frame} % [allowframebreaks]
  \frametitle{Bibliography}
  \begin{thebibliography}{10}
  \beamertemplatearticlebibitems
  % Followed by interesting articles. Keep the list short.
  \bibitem{lionello}
   P.~Lionello et.\,al.
   \newblock The Mediterranean Climate: An Overview of the Main Characteristics and Issues.
   \newblock {\em Developments in Earth \& Environmental Sciences}, 4:27--148, 2006.
  
  \bibitem{fleitmann}
    D.~Fleitmann et.\,al.
    \newblock Holocene Forcing of the Indian Monsoon Recorded in a Stalagmite from Southern Oman.
    \newblock {\em Science}, 300:1737--1739, 2003.
  \end{thebibliography}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Additional Slides}
\frame<*>[label=foil:transcript]
{
\frametitle{Transcript of the logbook}
\begin{block}{The Halsewell Logbook, 28th October, 1781}
Fresh Winds form the Northward with a large swell. PM moderating got up Top gallant Mast and Main Top Gallant Yard 
\end{block}

\begin{block}{Saturday 27}
Winds variable at 12 past 4 AM Weighed and got as high as the Pan Sand, but falling little Wind Run back again as did the other Ships Anchord in 7F Walter with the Best Bower, the Buoy of the Pan Patch Sand NNE Distance about 1/2 a Mile
\end{block}

\begin{block}{Sunday 28}
Northerly winds and small Rain at 5 AM Weighed \& got as high as the Buoy\dots %of the Mouse and a 1/3 part ?? Anchored with the Best Bower 11? F water the Buoy of the Mouse NNW 1 1/2 Mile. At Noon came on board 2 of his Majesty's Lieutenants to impress our Men which they resisted and arm'd to defend themselves. At 5 AM Weighed and at 1/2 past 9 Am past the Conquistadore at the Nore, was Fird at by several Ships, but could not bring our ship too, the People refusing to blew the sails up and let go the anchor; his Majestys Frigate the Albemarle Captain Nelson's ship firing shot at us one of which struck off the ?? of the Main Mast another through the main Topsail and several overhead, when the Officer came to let go the Topsail Halyards found them ript aloft, at last with difficulty the Chief and 4 Mates let go the Anchor aft standing the ship being head right on for the shore and having fresh way when ?? up for found ourselves in ?2F of the ?? of the Nore?? Came on board Captain Nelson with offers to our People which they all refused
\end{block}
% \tiny{Source:
% \url{http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/changlang/writtenword/halshome/tradingshiplogbook.html}} %% TODO source??? %%
\hyperlink{foil:shiplogbook}{\beamerreturnbutton{Ship Logbook}}
}

\frame<*>[label=foil:oman]
{
 \frametitle{Oman}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./images/oman_ausschnitt}
 \hyperlink{foil:examplestalagmite}{\beamerreturnbutton{Parameter, Stalagmite Q5}}
}

\frame
{
 \frametitle{Frequency of flooding tides at Venice}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{./images/acqualta}
 \hyperlink{foil:documentaryproxydata}{\beamerreturnbutton{Documentary Proxy Data}}
}

\frame<handout:0>
{
 \frametitle{Tree Rings}
 \framesubtitle{Drill to take samples for dendrochronology from trees}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{./images/800px-Dendrochronological_drill_hg}
 \hyperlink{foil:datasource}{\beamerreturnbutton{Data Source}}
%\tiny{Source: \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dendrochronological_drill_hg.jpg}}
}

\end{document}
