% Thomas Kuster
% 24. November 2005
% Seminar Atmosphäre

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\title{Maya and Climate}
\subtitle{Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization}
\author{%
  Peter Barmet, Thomas Kuster, André Welti%\inst{1}
  }
\institute[ETH Zürich]{
 %\inst{1}%
 Department of Environmental Sciences\\
 ETH Zürich}
\date[ETH 2006]{Climate History and Paleoclimatology, 24.11.2006}

\subject{Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization}
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%   1. Semester, MSc Enviromentale Science and Atmosphere and Climate Science, ETH Zürich\\
%   \hyperref{http://fam-kuster.ch/index.php?navigation=ETH&main=http://n.ethz.ch/student/kusterth/eth/html/}{}{}{http://fam-kuster.ch}

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\section[Maya]{Maya civilization}
\subsection{Geography}
\begin{frame}<1>[label=foil:middleamerica]
 \frametitle{Geography (Middle America)}
 \includegraphics[height=0.85\textheight]{./images/google_earth_maya}
 \usebeamerfont{klein}
 
 \textcolor{blue}{\hyperlink{foil:lakechichancanab}{$\rightarrow$ Lake Chichancanab}}
 %\only<2>\hyperlink{foil:middleamerica}{Yucatán Peninsula}{Back to Method}
\end{frame}

% \begin{frame}
%  \frametitle{Geography}
%  \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{./images/Mayamap}
% \end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Geography (Yucatán Peninsula)}
 \begin{columns}
  \column{0.80\linewidth}
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./images/Mayamap}
  \column{0.20\linewidth}
%\vspace*{\fill}
%\vfill
  \begin{block}{Areas}%\footnote{Translation from Spanish}
   \begin{itemize}
    \item north % es: El área norte
    \item central % es: El área central
    \item south % es: El área sur
   \end{itemize}
  \end{block}
 \end{columns}
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\subsection{Culture}

\begin{frame}<presentation:1 | handout>[label=foil:architecture]
 \frametitle{Architecture}
 \begin{block}{Buildings}
  \begin{itemize}
   \item<1-> pyramids and temples
   \item<2-> observations
   \item<2-> ball courts
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Architecture}
 \framesubtitle{Temple}
 \begin{center}
 \includegraphics[height=0.8\textheight]{./images/Tikal6_klein}
 \hspace{1em} Tikal
 % From the mayan site Tikal %% Temple in Tikal
 \end{center}
\end{frame}

\againframe<presentation:2 | handout:0>{foil:architecture}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Architecture}
 \framesubtitle{Ball Court}
 \includegraphics[height=0.75\textheight]{./images/12-05oaxaca024_klein}
 
 Monte Albán, in the Oaxaca region of Mexico
 %Ancient ball court of Monte Albán, in the Oaxaca region of Mexico
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Ballgame}
 \begin{block}{Ballgame}
  \begin{itemize}
   \item resemble volleyball
   \item with ritual association (winners or losers are sacrificed)
   \item staked themselves (ending up as slaves)  
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
\end{frame}

\subsection{History}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Periods}
 \begin{block}{Preclassic}
  \begin{itemize}
   \item 2000\,BC\footnote{Before Christ} to 250\,AD\footnote{Anno Domini, latin for "in the year of the lord"}
   \item first settled villages along the Pacific coast
   \item ceremonial architecture (1000\,BC)
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
 \begin{block}{Classic}
  \begin{itemize}
   \item 250 to 900\,AD
   \item city-centered empire consisting of independent city-states
   \item zenith of the civilisation (800\,AD)
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
 \begin{block}{Postclassic Period}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item 900 to 1511\,AD (spanish colonial period began)
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}<presentation:1 | handout>[label=foil:collapse]
 \frametitle{Collapse} 
 \begin{block}{Collapse}
 \begin{itemize}
  \item<1-> estimated popullation before the collapse 3 -- 13 million
  \item<1-> between classic an postclassic period, in 3 phases
   \begin{itemize}
    \item 760 to 810\,AD
    \item to 860\,AD
    \item to 910\,AD
   \end{itemize}
  \item<2-> different theories
   \begin{itemize}
    \item limited farmland, soil degradation (Bodenverarmung) % TODO
    \item disaster
    \item war (invasion)
    \item epidemic
    \item climate (drought)
   \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Collapse}
 \begin{columns}
  \column{0.58\linewidth}
  \includegraphics[page=7, viewport=60 330 390 740, clip, width=\linewidth]{./password/peterson2005}
  \column{0.42\linewidth}
%\vspace*{\fill}
%\vfill
  \begin{block}{Areas and Time of Collapse Time}%\footnote{Translation from Spanish}
   \begin{itemize}
    \item \includegraphics[page=7, viewport=130 535 140 540, clip, width=1.5em]{./password/peterson2005} central: 810\,AD
    \item \includegraphics[page=7, viewport=205 450 215 455, clip, width=1.5em]{./password/peterson2005} south: 860\,AD% es: El área sur
    \item \includegraphics[page=7, viewport=250 580 260 585, clip, width=1.5em]{./password/peterson2005} north: 910\,AD% es: El área norte
   \end{itemize}
  \end{block}
 \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\againframe<presentation:2 | handout:0>{foil:collapse}

\section{Climate}

\subsection{ITC}
\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Inter Tropic Conversion (ITC)}
 \begin{block}{Abbreviations}
 \begin{itemize}
  \item ITC: Inter Tropic Conversion
  \item ITCZ: Intertropical Convergence Zone 
 \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
 \vspace{1ex}
 \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./images/800px-IntertropicalConvergenceZone-EO}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Functionality}
 \framesubtitle{Inter Tropic Conversion (ITC)}
 \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./images/ITC}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Functionality}
 \framesubtitle{Hadley Cell}
 \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./images/Tropenklima}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{ITC over Middle America}
 \begin{columns}
 \column{0.60\linewidth}
  \includegraphics[page=2, viewport=250 100 550 440, clip, width=\linewidth]{./password/haug2003}
 \column{0.40\linewidth}
  \begin{block}{Influence}
   \begin{itemize}
    \item most of rain (90\%) during summer
    \item dry winter
    \item southward displacement of the ITC $\rightarrow$ drought
    \item north--south precipitation gradient (Yucatán peninsula)
     \begin{itemize}
      \item south: 4\,000\,mm
      \item north: 500\,mm
     \end{itemize}
   \end{itemize}
  \end{block}
 \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\section[Geology]{Geology\,/\,Hydrology}

% \begin{frame}
%  \frametitle{Geology\,/\,Hydrology}
%  \begin{block}{Overview}
%  \begin{itemize}
%   \item limestone rocks and mountains
%   \item
%  \end{itemize}
%  \end{block}
% \end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Sectional Drawing through the Yucatán Peninsula}
 \begin{columns}
 \column{0.70\linewidth}
 \includegraphics[page=5, viewport=220 550 550 740, clip, width=\linewidth]{./password/peterson2005}
 \column{0.30\linewidth}
 \begin{block}{Overview}
 \begin{itemize}
  \item limestones rocks and mountains
  \item caves (as in the jura mountains)
 \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
 \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Karst Cave with Groundwater}
 \begin{columns}
 \column{0.50\linewidth}
 \includegraphics[page=6, viewport=0 265 375 792, clip, height=0.85\textheight]{./password/peterson2005}
 \column{0.50\linewidth}
 \begin{block}{Groundwater}
  \begin{itemize}
   \item access to groundwater is rare
   \item groundwater access is importend factor for a large population to survive
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
 \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\section{Methods}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Methods}
 \begin{block}{Sediment Core Analysis}
  \begin{itemize}
   \item gypsum (CaSO$_4$) deposition
   \item oxygen isotops ($\delta^{18}$O)
   \item titanium content
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
\end{frame}

\subsection[Gypsum Deposition]{Gypsum (CaSO$_4$) Deposition}
\begin{frame}<presentation:1 | handout>[label=foil:gypsum]
 \frametitle{Gypsum (CaSO$_4$) Deposition}
  \begin{block}{Where?}<1->
   Cores from Lake Chichancanab
  \end{block}
  \begin{block}{Why are Sediments from Lake Chichancanaba good Archives?}<2->
   \begin{itemize}
    \item closed basin that loses a large fraction of its water by evaporation  
    \item CaSO$_{4(\textrm{aq})}$ concentration near saturation
    \item fallout of CaSO$_4$ if saturation is reached trought height water evaporation during droughts
   \end{itemize}
  \end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}<*>[label=foil:lakechichancanab]
 \frametitle{Lake Chichancanab}
 \usebeamerfont{klein}
 \begin{columns}
 \column{0.60\linewidth}
  \includegraphics[page=2, viewport=130 486 457 728, clip, width=\linewidth]{./password/hodell2005}
  
  \vspace{1ex}
  Location of Lakes Chichancanab and Punta Laguna on the \textcolor{blue}{\hyperlink{foil:middleamerica}{Yucatán Peninsula}}
 \column{0.40\linewidth}
  \includegraphics[page=3, viewport=46 362 278 726, clip, width=\linewidth]{./password/hodell2005}
  
  \vspace{1ex}
  Positon of the depth transect of cores (white squares)
  %\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{./images/Mayamap}
 \end{columns}
 %% see daneben
\end{frame}

\againframe<presentation:2 | handout:0>{foil:gypsum}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Gypsum (CaSO$_4$) Deposition} 
 \begin{columns}
 \column{0.60\linewidth}
  \includegraphics[page=6, viewport=44 432 280 630, clip, width=\linewidth]{./password/hodell2005}
  \column{0.40\linewidth}
   \begin{block}{Gypsum Deposition}
    Series of lightcolored gypsum layers interbedded with organic-rich sediments containing shells    
   \end{block}
   \begin{block}{Method}
     \begin{itemize}
      \item radiocarbon date ($^{14}$C) of shell material and wood
      \item digital color linescan camera
     \end{itemize}
   \end{block}
 \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\subsection[$\delta^{18}$O]{Oxygen Isotops ($\delta^{18}$O)}
\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Oxygen Isotops ($\delta^{18}$O)}
 \begin{block}{Where?}
  Cores from Lake Chichancanab
 \end{block}
 \begin{block}{Detection of Drought Periods with $\delta^{18}$O}
  \begin{itemize}
   \item $\delta^{18}$O is a proxy for evaporation
   \item enrichment of $^{18}$O during droughts, because $^{16}$O evaporates easier
   \item isotopic signal is conserved in shells %cazzo 
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Oxygen Isotops ($\delta^{18}$O)}
 \begin{columns}
 \column{0.60\linewidth}
 \includegraphics[page=12, viewport=50 465 275 725, clip, height=0.85\textheight]{./password/hodell2005}
 \column{0.40\linewidth}
 \begin{block}{Analysis of $\delta^{18}$O}
  \begin{itemize}
   \item high evaporation rates are indicated by high
   $\delta^{18}$O
   \item drought periods (shaded in figure) %\fbox{\includegraphics[page=12, viewport=230 640 240 650, clip, height=0.85\lineheight]{./password/hodell2005}} drought periods
   \item dated by radiocarbon ($^{14}$C)
   \item density meassurements to correlate different sediment cores
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
 \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Titanium Content}
\begin{frame}<presentation:1 | handout>[label=foil:titanium]
 \frametitle{Titanium Content}
  \begin{block}{Where?}<1->
   Cores from Cariaco Basin
  \end{block}
%   In the anoxic Cariaco Basin of the southern Caribbean, the bulk titanium content of undisturbed sediment reflects variations in riverine input and the hydrological cycle over northern tropical South America.
%  \end{block}
 \begin{block}{Why is Cariaco Sediment a good Proxy for Precipitation?}<2->
  \begin{itemize}
   \item anoxic
   \item undisturbed sediment
   \item reflects variations in riverine input and the hydrological cycle over northern tropical South America
  \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Cariaco Basin}
 \begin{center}
 \includegraphics[page=2, viewport=250 100 550 440, clip, height=0.85\textheight]{./password/haug2003}
 \end{center}
\end{frame}

\againframe<presentation:2 | handout:0>{foil:titanium}

\begin{frame}
 %\frametitle{Results}
 \begin{columns}
 \column{0.60\linewidth}
  \includegraphics[page=4, viewport=215 20 570 480, clip, width=\linewidth]{./password/peterson2005}
 \column{0.40\linewidth}
  \begin{block}{Titanium Content}
   \begin{itemize}
    \item titanium content is a proxy for precipitation
    \item less titanium $\rightarrow$ less precipitation
    \item corresponds to the collaps of maya civilisation
   \end{itemize}
  \end{block}
  \begin{block}{Method}
   If titanium is irradiated with X-ray, it emits at specific wavelenght.
  \end{block}
 \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\section{Results}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Results}
 %\begin{block}{fda}
 \begin{columns}
 \column{0.13\linewidth}
  5\,500\,BC\\
  475\,BC\\
  \mbox{}\\
  250\,BC\\
  150\,BC\\
  250\,AD\\
  600\,AD\\
  760\,AD\\
  \mbox{}\\
  800\,AD\\
  \mbox{}\\
  910\,AD\\
  1\,060\,AD
 \column{0.04\linewidth}
  --\\
  --\\
  \mbox{}\\
  --\\
  --\\
  --\\
  \mbox{}\\
  --\\
  \mbox{}\\
  \mbox{}\\
  \mbox{}\\
  --\\
  --
 \column{0.13\linewidth}
  500\,BC\\
  250\,BC\\
  \mbox{}\\
  150\,BC\\
  250\,AD\\
  600\,AD\\
  \mbox{}\\
  850\,AD\\
  \mbox{}\\
  \mbox{}\\
  \mbox{}\\
  990\,AD\\
  1\,100\,AD
 \column{0.70\linewidth}
  \textcolor{blue}{relative wet}\\
  \textcolor{red}{drought period} (before the rise of Maya civiliation)\\
  \textcolor{blue}{wet}\\
  \textcolor{red}{drier period}\\
  \textcolor{blue}{good climate conditions}\\
  begin of a long dry period\\
  \textcolor{red}{begin of the TCD}%\footnote{Terminal Classic Drought}
  , worst drought since the last 7\,000 years\\
  \textcolor{red}{zenith of the drought} and collapse of the civilization\\
  second \textcolor{red}{drought period}\\
  third \textcolor{red}{drought period}
%  \column{0.70\linewidth}
%   daf\\
%   adf
 \end{columns}
 
 \vspace{1ex}
 $\Rightarrow$ period 800 to 1\,000\,AD was the driest of the middle to late Holocene. This matches the period when the classic Maya civilisation collapsed.
 %\end{block}
%  \block{block}{Drought Periods}
%  \end{block}
%  \begin{itemize}
%   \item Bla bla
%   \item \dots
%  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Results}
 \begin{columns}
 \column{0.70\linewidth} 
 \includegraphics[page=3, viewport=320 350 570 560, clip, width=\linewidth]{./password/hodell2001}
 \column{0.30\linewidth}
  \begin{block}{Cycle}
   Droughts cycle shows a periodicity of 206 years which could be forced by the solar cycle (solar cycle 208 years).
   \begin{itemize}
    \item drought ($\delta^{18}$O)
    \item solar cycle (\textcolor{red}{$\Delta^{14}$C})
   \end{itemize}
  \end{block}
 \end{columns}
\end{frame}

\section{Discussion}
\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Discussion}
 \begin{block}{Questions}
 \begin{itemize}
  \item between the very dry periods there were about 50 years of less dry times, put Maya civilisation couldn't regenerate during them.
  \item last drought didn't correspond to the last collapse period
  \item solar radiation differs only a little during the solar cycle (1\permil). How can the big impact on the precipitation be understood.
 \end{itemize}
 \end{block}
\end{frame}

% All of the following is optional and typically not needed.
\appendix
\section{\appendixname}
\subsection{List of figures}
\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]
  \frametitle<presentation>{List of figures}

  \begin{thebibliography}{10}
  \beamertemplatearticlebibitems
  % Followed by interesting articles. Keep the list short.
  \bibitem[Yucatan]{yucatan}
   Yucatan Peninsula
   \newblock Google Earth
    
  \bibitem[Map of Maya Civilization]{mayamap}
   Map showing the extent of the Maya civilization
   \newblock \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mayamap.png}
   
  \bibitem[Temple]{temple}
   Temple
   \newblock \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tikal6.jpg}

  \bibitem[Ball Court]{ballcourt}
   Ballcourt
   \newblock \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:12-05oaxaca024.jpg}

  \bibitem[Satellite Image ITC]{SatITC}
   Satellite Image of the ITC
   \newblock
   \url{http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:IntertropicalConvergenceZone-EO.jpg}
   
  \bibitem[ITC]{ITC}
   Inter Tropic Conversion
   \newblock
   \url{http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:ITC.jpg}

  \bibitem[Hadley Cell]{hadleycell}
   Hadley Cell
   \newblock
   \url{http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Tropenklima.jpg}
   
  \end{thebibliography}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Bibliography}
\begin{frame}[allowframebreaks]
 \frametitle{Bibliography}
 \begin{thebibliography}{Wiki: Cultura maya}
  \beamertemplatearticlebibitems  
  % Followed by interesting articles. Keep the list short.  
  \bibitem[Haug, 2003]{haug2003}
    G.~H.~Haug et.\,al.
    \newblock Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization.
    \newblock {\em Science}, 299:1731--1735, 2003.
      
  \bibitem[Hodell, 2005]{hodell2005}
    D.~A.~Hodell et.\,al.
    \newblock Terminal Classic drought in the northern Maya lowlands inferred from multiple sediment cores in Lake Chichancanab (Mexico).
    \newblock {\em Quanternary Science Reviews}, 24:1413--1427, 2005.

  \bibitem[Hodell, 2001]{hodell2001}
    D.~A.~Hodell et.\,al.
    \newblock Solar Forcing of Drought Frequency in the Maya Lowlands.
    \newblock {\em Science}, 292:1367--1370, 2001.

  \bibitem[Peterson, 2006]{peterson2006}
   L.~C.~Peterson and G.~H.~Haug.
   \newblock 150 Jahre Trockenheit.
   \newblock {\em Spektrum der Wissenschaft}, Januar 2006.

  \bibitem[Wiki: Cultura maya]{wiki:culturamaya}
   Wikipedia in Spanish
   \newblock Cultura maya
   \newblock {\em\url{http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguos_mayas}}

  \bibitem[Wiki: Maya]{wiki:maya}
   Wikipedia in German
   \newblock Cultura maya
   \newblock {\em\url{http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya}}
   
  \bibitem[Wiki: Maya Civilization]{wiki:mayacivilization}
   Wikipedia in English
   \newblock Cultura maya
   \newblock {\em\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization}}
  
  \end{thebibliography}
\end{frame}

%\subsection{Additional Slides}

\end{document}
